Adloff, M., A. Ridgwell, F. M. Monteiro, I. J. Parkinson, A. Dickson, P. A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, M. S. Fantle, S. E. Greene, Inclusion of a suite of weathering tracers in the cGENIE Earth System Model – muffin release v.0.9.10, GMD Discuss. 10.5194/gmd-2020-233 [in revision] | ||
Birch, H., D. N. Schmidt, H. Coxall, D. Kroon, A. Ridgwell, Decoupling of Marine Carbon Pump and Ecosystem Function Recovery after the K/Pg Extinction, Proc. Royal Soc. B. [in revision] | ||
Crichton, K. A., A. Ridgwell, D. J. Lunt, A. Farnsworth, P. N. Pearson, Data-constrained assessment of ocean circulation changes since the middle Miocene in an Earth system model, Clim. Past Discuss., 10.5194/cp-2019-151 [in revision] | ||
Hulse, D., K. V. Lau, S. J. van de Velde, S. Arndt, K. M. Meyer, and A. Ridgwell, Temperature-driven nutrient recycling and euxinia as a marine mass extinction mechanism, Nature Geoscience [in revision] | ||
POHL, A., Z. LU, W. LU, R. G. STOCKEY, M. ELRICK, M. LI, A. DESROCHERS, Y. SHEN, R. HE, S. FINNEGAN, A. Ridgwell, Reorganization of ocean circulation and oxygenation during Late Ordovician glaciation, Nature Geoscience [in revision] | ||
Shao, J., L. D. Stott, L. Menviel, A. Ridgwell, M. Ödalen, M. Mohtadi, The Atmospheric Bridge Communicated the δ13C Decline during the Last Deglaciation to the Global Upper Ocean, Clim. Past Discuss., 10.5194/cp-2020-95 [in revision] | ||
Stockey, R. G., A. Pohl. A. Ridgwell, S. Finnegan, and E. A. Sperling, Decreasing Phanerozoic extinction intensity as a consequence of Earth surface oxygenation and metazoan ecophysiology, PNAS [in review] | ||
van de Velde, S. J., D. Hülse, C. T. Reinhard, A. Ridgwell, Anoxic iron and sulphur cycling in the cGENIE.muffin Earth system model (v0.9.16), GMD Discuss., 10.5194/gmd-2020-312 [in revision] | ||
Vervoort, P., S. Kirtland Turner, F. Rochholz, A. Ridgwell, Earth System Model Analysis of how Astronomical Forcing 1 is Imprinted onto the Marine Geological Record, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, [in revision] |
Boscolo-Galazzo, F., K. A. Crichton, A. Ridgwell, E. M. Mawbey, B. S. Wade, P. N. Pearson, Temperature controls carbon cycling and biological evolution in the ocean twilight zone, Science 10.1126/science.abb6643 (2021) | ||
Crichton, K. A., J. D. Wilson, A. Ridgwell, P. N. Pearson, Calibration of temperature-dependent ocean microbial processes in the cGENIE.muffin (v0.9.13) Earth system model, GMD 10.5194/gmd-14-125-2021 (2021) | ||
Lambert, F., N. E. Opazo, A. Ridgwell, G. Winckler, F. Lamy, G. Shaffer, K. Kohfeld, R. Ohgaito, S. Albani, A. Abe-Oushi, Regional Patterns and Temporal Evolution of Ocean Iron Fertilization and CO2 Drawdown during the Last Glacial Termination, EPSL 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116675 (2021) | ||
Li, S-F., P. J. Valdes, A. Farnsworth, T. Davies-Barnard, T. Su, D. J. Lunt, R. A. Spicer, J. Liu, W-Y-D. Deng, J. Huang, H. Tang, A. Ridgwell, L-L. Chen, and Z-K. Zhou, Orographic evolution of northern Tibet shaped vegetation and plant diversity in eastern Asia, Sci. Adv. 10.1126/sciadv.abc7741 (2021) | ||
Paytan, A., E. M. Griffith, A. Eisenhauer, M. Hain, K. Wallmann, A. Ridgwell, A 35 Myr Record of Seawater Stable Sr Isotopes Reveals a Fluctuating Global Carbon Cycle, Science 10.1126/science.aaz9266 (2021) |
Ajayi, S., L. R. Kump, A. Ridgwell, S. Kirtland Turner, C. C. Hay, T. J. Bralower, Evaluation of Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum Carbon Isotope Record Completeness — An Illustration of the Potential of Dynamic Time Warping in Aligning Paleo-Proxy Records, G3, 10.1029/2019GC008620 (2020) | ||
Anagnostou, E., E. H. John, T. L. Babila, P. F. Sexton, A. Ridgwell, D. J. Lunt, P. N. Pearson, T. B. Chalk, R. D. Pancost, and G. L. Foster, Proxy evidence for state-dependence of climate sensitivity in the Eocene greenhouse, Nature Communications, 10.1038/s41467-020-17887-x (2020) | ||
Fantle, M. S., and A. Ridgwell, Towards an understanding of the Ca isotopic signal related to ocean acidification and alkalinity overshoots in the rock record, Chemical Geology, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119672 (2020) | ||
Gibbs, S. J., P. R. Bown, B. A. Ward, S, A. Alvarez, H. Kim, O. A. Archontikis, B. Sauterey, A. J. Poulton, J. Wilson, A. Ridgwell, Algal plankton turn to hunting to survive and recover from end-Cretaceous impact darkness, Sci. Adv., 10.1126/sciadv.abc9123 (2020) | ||
Odalen, M., Nycander, J., Ridgwell, A., Oliver, K. I. C., Peterson, C. D., and Nilsson, J., Variable C:P composition of organic production and its effect on ocean carbon storage in glacial-like model simulations, Biogeosciences, 10.5194/bg-17-2219-2020 (2020) | ||
Rae, J. W. B., W. R. Gray, R. C. J. Wills, I. Eisenman, B. Fitzhugh, M. Fotheringham, E. F. M. Littley, P. A. Rafter, R. Rees-Owen, A. Ridgwell, B. Taylor, A. Burke, Overturning circulation, nutrient limitation, and warming in the Glacial North Pacific, Sci Adv., 10.1126/sciadv.abd1654 (2020) | ||
Reinhard, C. T. , N. J. Planavsky, B. A. Ward, G. D. Love, G. Le Hir, A. Ridgwell, The impact of marine nutrient abundance on early eukaryotic ecosystems, Geobiology, 10.1111/gbi.12384 (2020) | ||
Reinhard, C. T., S. L. Olson, S. Kirtland Turner, C. Pälike, Y. Kanzaki, A. Ridgwell, Oceanic and atmospheric methane cycling in the cGENIE Earth system model – release v0.9.14, GMD, 10.5194/gmd-13-5687-2020 (2020) | ||
Tierney, J. E., et al. Ridgwell, A., et al., Past climates inform our future, Science, 10.1126/science.aay3701 (2020) | ||
van de Velde, S. J., C. T. Reinhard, A. Ridgwell, F. J. R. Meysman, Bistability in the redox chemistry of sediments and oceans, PNAS, 10.1073/pnas.2008235117 (2020) |
Adloff, M., S. E. Greene, I. J. Parkinson, B. D. A. Naafs, W. Preston, A. Ridgwell, D. J. Lunt, J. M. C. Jimenez, and F. M. Monteiro, Unraveling the sources of carbon emissions at the onset of OAE 1a, EPSL, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115947 (2019) | ||
Alvarez, S. A., S. J. Gibbs, P. R. Bown, H. Kim, R. M. Sheward, and A. Ridgwell, Diversity decoupled from ecosystem function and resilience during mass extinction recovery, Nature, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1590-8 (2019) | ||
Greene, S.E., A. Ridgwell, S. Kirtland Turner, D.N. Schmidt, H. Pälike, E. Thomas, L.K. Greene, and B.A.A. Hoogakker, Early Cenozoic Decoupling of Climate and Carbonate Compensation Depth Trends, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 10.1029/2019PA003601 (2019). | ||
Grigoratou, M., F.M. Monteiro, D.N. Schmidt, J.D. Wilson, B.A. Ward, and A. Ridgwell, A trait-based modelling approach to planktonic foraminifera ecology, Biogeosciences, DOI: 10.5194/bg-16-1469-2019 (2019) | ||
Henehan, H. J., A. Ridgwell, E. Thomas, S. Zhang, L. Alegret, D. N. Schmidt7, J. W. B. Rae, J. D. Witts, N. H. Landman, S. E. Greene, B. T. Huber, J. Super, N. J. Planavsky, and P. M. Hull, Rapid ocean acidification and pH rebound followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact, PNAS DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905989116 (2019) | ||
Hülse, D., S. Arndt, and A. Ridgwell, Mitigation of extreme Ocean Anoxic Event conditions by organic matter sulfurization, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 10.1029/2018PA003470 (2019). | ||
Kanzaki, Y., Boudreau, B. P., Kirtland Turner, S., and Ridgwell, A., A lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator for the coupled physics, chemistry, and biology of marine sediments (eLABS v0.1), Geoscientific Model Development, DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-4469-2019 (2019) | ||
Kemppinen, K.M.S., P.B. Holden, N.R. Edwards, A. Ridgwell, and A.D. Friend, Coupled climate-carbon cycle simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum atmospheric decrease using a large ensemble of modern plausible parameter sets, Clim. Past , DOI: doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1039-2019 (2019) | ||
Naafs, B.D.A., F.M. Monteiro, A. Pearson, M.B. Higgins, R.D. Pancost, and A. Ridgwell, Fundamentally different global marine nitrogen cycling in response to severe ocean deoxygenation, PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905553116 (2019) | ||
Wadham, J.L., J.R. Hawkings, L. Tarasov, L.J. Gregoire, R.G.M. Spencer, M. Gutjahr, A. Ridgwell, and K.E. Kohfeld, Ice sheets matter for the global carbon cycle, Nature Communications DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11394-4 (2019) | ||
Ward, B.A., S. Collins, S. Dutkiewicz, S. Gibbs, P. Bown, A. Oschlies, A. Ridgwell, and J.D. Wilson, Considering The Role Of Adaptive Evolution In Models Of The Ocean And Climate System, JAMES, DOI: 10.1029/2018MS001452 (2019) | ||
Wilson, J. D., Barker, S., Edwards, N. R., Holden, P. B., and Ridgwell, A., Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 to regional variability in particulate organic matter remineralization depths, Biogeosciences DOI: 10.5194/bg-16-2923-2019 (2019) |
Dunkley Jones, T., Manners, H. R., Hoggett, M., Kirtland Turner, S., Westerhold, T., Leng, M. J., Pancost, R. D., Ridgwell, A., Alegret, L., Duller, R., and Grimes, S. T.: Dynamics of sediment flux to a bathyal continental margin section through the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Climate of the Past DOI: 10.5194/cp-14-1035-2018 (2018). [link] | ||
Holden, P., N. Edwards, A. Ridgwell, R. Wilkinson , K. Fraedrich, F. Lunkeit, H. Pollitt, J-F. Mercure, P. Salas, A. Lam, F. Knobloch, U. Chewpreecha, and J. Vinuales, Climate-carbon cycle uncertainties and the Paris Agreement, Nature Climate Change DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0197-7 (2018) | ||
Hülse, D., S. Arndt, S. Daines, P. Regnier, and A. Ridgwell: OMEN-SED 0.9: A novel, numerically efficient organic matter sediment diagenesis module for coupling to Earth system models, Geosci. Model Dev. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-2649-2018 (2018). [link] | ||
Ödalen, M., J. Nycander, K.I.C. Oliver, L. Brodeau, and A. Ridgwell, The influence of the ocean circulation state on ocean carbon storage and CO2 drawdown potential in an Earth system model, Biogeosciences, doi:10.5194/bg-15-1367-2018 (2018). [link] | ||
Olson, S.L., E.W. Schwieterman, C.T. Reinhard, A. Ridgwell, S.R. Kane, V.S. Meadows, and T.W. Lyons, Atmospheric Seasonality as an Exoplanet Biosignature, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213 (2018). [link] | ||
Schmidt, D.N., E. Thomas, E. Authier, D. Saunders, and A. Ridgwell, Strategies in times of crisis—insights into the benthic foraminiferal record of the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0328 (2018). [link] | ||
Wanyi, L., A. Ridgwell, E. Thomas, D.S. Hardisty, G. Luo, T.J. Algeo, M.R. Saltzman, B.C. Gill, Y.Shen, H-F. Ling, C.T. Edwards, M.T. Whalen, X. Zhou, K.M. Gutchess, L. Jin, R.E.M. Rickaby, H.C. Jenkyns, T.W. Lyons, T.M. Lenton, L.R. Kump, and Z. Lu1, Late inception of a resiliently oxygenated upper ocean, Science DOI: 10.1126/science.aar5372 (2018). | ||
Ward, B.A., J.D. Wilson, R. Death, F.M. Monteiro, A. Yool, and A. Ridgwell, EcoGEnIE 1.0: plankton ecology in the cGEnIE Earth system model, Geosci. Model Dev. DOI: 10.5194/gmd-11-4241-2018 (2018). [PDF link] | ||
Wilson, J.D., F.M. Monteiro, D.N. Schmidt, B.A. Ward, and A. Ridgwell, Linking marine plankton ecosystems and climate: A new modeling approach to the warm early Eocene climate, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33, 1439–1452, DOI: 10.1029/2018PA003374 (2018). [link] |
Davies-Barnard, T., A. Ridgwell, J. Singarayer, and P. Valdes, Quantifying the Influence of the Terrestrial Biosphere on Glacial-interglacial Climate Dynamics, Clim. Past. doi: 10.5194/cp-13-1381-2017 (2017). [link] | ||
Gutjahr, M., A. Ridgwell, P.F Sexton, E. Anagnostou, P.N. Pearson, H. Pälike, R.D. Norris, E. Thomas, and G.L. Foster, Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature 548, doi:10.1038/nature23646 (2017). | ||
Hülse, D., S. Arndt, J.D. Wilson, G. Munhoven, and A. Ridgwell, Understanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling variability through models, Earth-Science Reviews 171, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.004 (2017). | ||
Kirtland Turner, S., P.M. Hull, L. Kump, and A. Ridgwell, A probabilistic assessment of the rapidity of PETM onset, Nature Communications, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00292-2 (2017). | ||
Lord, N.S., M. Crucifix, D.L. Lunt, M.C. Thorne, N. Bounceur, H. Dowsett, C.L. O’Brien, and A. Ridgwell, Emulation of long-term changes in global climate: Application to the late Pliocene and future, Clim. Past , doi: 10.5194/cp-13-1539-2017 (2017). [link] |
Anagnostou, E., E.H. John, K.M. Edgar, G.L. Foster, A. Ridgwell, G.N. Inglis, R.D. Pancost, D.J. Lunt, and P.N. Pearson, Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate, Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature17423 (2016). | ||
Brovkin, V., T. Brücher, T. Kleinen1, S. Zaehle, F. Joos, R. Roth, R. Spahni, J. Schmitt, H. Fischer, M. Leuenberger, E.J. Stone, A. Ridgwell, J. Chappellaz, N. Kehrwald, C. Barbante, T. Blunier, and D. Dahl Jensen, Comparative carbon cycle dynamics of the present and last interglacial, QSR 137, 15-32 (2016). | ||
Kirtland Turner, S. and A. Ridgwell, Constraints on the rate of carbon injection across the PETM – towards a theoretical framework for hyperthermals, EPSL 435, 1-13 (2016). [link] | ||
Meyer, K.M., A. Ridgwell, and J.L. Payne, The influence of the biological pump on ocean chemistry: implications for long-term trends in marine redox chemistry, the global carbon cycle, and the evolution of marine animal ecosystems, Geobiology, DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12176 (2016). [PDF] | ||
Monteiro, F.M., L.T. Bach, C. Brownlee, P. Bown, R.E.M. Rickaby, T. Tyrrell, L. Beaufort, S. Dutkiewicz, S. Gibbs, M.A. Gutowska, R. Lee, A.J. Poulton, U. Riebesell, J. Young, and A. Ridgwell, Calcification in marine phytoplankton: Costs and benefits, Sciences Advances 2, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501822 (2016). [PDF] | ||
Penman, D.E., S.Kirtland Turner, P. Sexton, R. Norris, A.J. Dickson, S. Boulila, A. Ridgwell, R.E. Zeebe, J. Zachos, A. Cameron, T. Westerhold, U. Röhl, IODP Expedition 342 Scientists, An abyssal carbonate compensation depth overshoot in the aftermath of the Palaeocene- Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature Geoscience 9, doi:10.1038/NGEO2757 (2016). | ||
Tagliabue, A., O. Aumont, R. DeAth, J.P. Dunne, S. Dutkiewicz, E. Galbraith, K. Misumi, J.K. Moore, A. Ridgwell, E. Sherman, C. Stock, M. Vichi, C. Völker, and A. Yool, How well do global ocean biogeochemistry models simulate dissolved iron distributions?, GBC DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005289 (2016). [PDF] | ||
Wood, S., I.B. Baums, C.B. Paris, A. Ridgwell, W.S. Kessler, and E.J. Hendy, El Niño, surface circulation and coral larval dispersal across the world’s greatest marine barrier, Nature Communications doi:10.1038/ncomms12571 2016). [PDF] | ||
Zeebe, R.E., A. Ridgwell, and J.C. Zachos, Anthropogenic carbon release rate unprecedented during past 66 million years, Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2681 (2016). | ||
Zhou, X., E. Thomas, A.M.E. Winguth, A. Ridgwell, H. Scher, B.A.A. Hoogakker, R.E.M. Rickaby, and Z. Lu, Expanded oxygen minimum zones during the late Paleocene-early Eocene: Hints from multiproxy comparison and ocean modeling, Paleoceanography 31, 1532–1546, doi:10.1002/2016PA003020 (2016). |
Colbourn, C., A. Ridgwell, and T.M. Lenton, The timescales and sensitivities of terrestrial weathering feedbacks on atmospheric CO2, GBC 29, 583–596, doi:10.1002/2014GB005054 (2015). | ||
Cui, Y., L.R. Kump, and A. Ridgwell, Spatial and temporal patterns of ocean acidification during the end-Permian mass extinction -- an Earth system model evaluation, in: Volcanism and Global Environmental Change Eds. Schmidt, A., K. E. Fristad, and L. T. Elkins-Tanton, CUP (2015). | ||
Gibbs, S.J., P.R. Bown, A. Ridgwell, J.R. Young, A.J. Poulton, and S.A. ODea, Ocean warming, not acidification, controlled coccolithophore response during past greenhouse climate change, Geology 44, 59-62 (2015). [PDF] | ||
Goodwin, P., R. G. Williams, and A. Ridgwell, Sensitivity of climate to cumulative carbon emissions due to compensation of ocean heat and carbon uptake, Nature Geoscience 8(1), 29–34. doi:10.1038/ngeo2304 (2015). | ||
Jackson, L.S., J.A. Crook, A. Jarvis, D. Leedal, A. Ridgwell, N. Vaughan, and P.M. Forster, Assessing the controllability of Arctic sea ice extent by sulphate aerosol geoengineering, GRL 42, 1223–1231, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062240 (2015). [PDF] | ||
Jennions, S M., E. Thomas, D.N. Schmidt, D. Lunt, and A. Ridgwell, Changes in benthic ecosystems and ocean circulation in the Southeast Atlantic across Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, Paleoceanography DOI: 10.1002/2015PA002821 (2015). [PDF] | ||
Jones, N.S., A. Ridgwell, and E.J. Hendy, Evaluation of coral reef carbonate production models at a global scale, Biogeosciences 12, 1339-1356 (2015). [PDF] | ||
Lord, N.S., A. Ridgwell, M.C. Thorne, and D.J. Lunt, Long-term future CO2 and its consequences for post-closure performance assessments for disposal of radioactive wastes, Mineralogical Magazine 79, 1613–1623 (2015). [PDF] | ||
Lord, N.S., A. Ridgwell, M.C. Thorne, and D.J. Lunt, An impulse response function for the ‘long tail’ of excess atmospheric CO2 in an Earth system model, GBC DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005074 (2015). | ||
Schmidt, A., R.A. Skeffington, T. Thordarson, S. Self, P.M. Forster, A. Rap, A. Ridgwell, D. Fowler, M. Wilson, G.W. Mann, P.B. Wignall, and S. Kenneth, Selective environmental stress caused by magmatic sulfur emissions from continental flood basalt eruptions, Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo2588 (2015). | ||
Taylor, L.L., J. Quirk, R.M.S. Thorley, P.A. Kharecha, J. Hansen, A. Ridgwell, M.R. Lomas, S.A. Banwart, and D.J. Beerling, Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting ocean acidification, NCC doi:10.1038/nclimate2882 (2015). | ||
Wilson, J.D., A. Ridgwell, and S. Barker, Can organic matter flux profiles be diagnosed using remineralisation rates derived from observed tracers and modelled ocean transport rates?, Biogeosciences 12, 5547-5562 (2015) [PDF] | ||
Winkelmann, R., A. Levermann, A. Ridgwell, and K. Caldeira, Combustion of available fossil-fuel resources sufficient to eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science Advances, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500589 (2015). [PDF ] | ||
Zhou, X., H.C. Jenkyns, J.D. Owens, C.K. Junium, X. Zheng, B.B. Sageman, D.S. Hardisty, T.W. Lyons, A. Ridgwell, and Z. Lu, Upper ocean oxygenation dynamics across the Cenomanian–Turonian OAE 2, Paleoceanography 30, 510–526, doi:10.1002/2014PA002741 (2015). |
De'ath, R., J.L. Wadham, F. Monteiro, A.M. Le Brocq, M. Tranter, A. Ridgwell, S. Dutkiewicz, and R. Raiswell, Antarctic Ice Sheet fertilises the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences 11 2635-2643 (2014). [link] | ||
John, E.H., J. Wilson, P.N. Pearson, and A. Ridgwell, Temperature-dependent remineralisation and carbon cycling in the warm Eocene oceans, PPP 413, 158-166 (2014). | ||
Rae, J.W.B., M. Sarnthein, G.L. Foster, A. Ridgwell, P.M. Grootes, and T. Elliott, Deep water formation in the North Pacific and deglacial CO2 rise, Paleoceanography 29, doi:10.1002/2013PA002570 (2014). [PDF] | ||
Ridgwell, A., and S. Arndt, Why Dissolved Organics Matter: DOC in Ancient Oceans and Past Climate Change, in: Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Eds. Hansell, D. A., and C. A. Carlson, Elsevier (2014). | ||
Sánchez-Baracaldo, P., A. Ridgwell, and J.A. Raven, A Neoproterozoic Revolution in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle, Current Biology 24, 652–657 (2014). | ||
Wood, S., C.B. Paris, A. Ridgwell, and E.J. Hendy, Modeling dispersal and connectivity of broadcast spawning corals at the global scale, Global Ecology and Biogeography 23, 1-11 (2014) | ||
Zeebe, R.E., G.R. Dickens, A. Ridgwell, A. Sluijs, and E. Thomas, Onset of carbon isotope excursion at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum took millennia, not 13 years, PNAS 111, E1062–E1063 (2014). |
Colbourn, G., A. Ridgwell, and T.M. Lenton, The Rock Geochemical Model (RokGeM) v0.9, Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 1543-1573, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-1543-2013 (2013). [LINK] | ||
Couce, E., A. Ridgwell, and E.J. Hendy, Future habitat suitability for coral reef ecosystems under global warming and ocean acidification, Global Change Biology DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12335 (2013). [LINK] | ||
Couce, E., P.J. Irvine, L.J. Gregorie, A. Ridgwell, and E.J. Hendy, Tropical coral reef habitat in a geoengineered, high-CO2 world, GRL 40, doi:10.1002/grl.50340 (2013). [PDF file of accepted MS (2474 kB)] | ||
Cui, Y., L.R. Kump, and A. Ridgwell, Initial assessment on the carbon emission rate and climatic consequences during the end-Permian mass extinction, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 389, 128–136 (2013). | ||
Dunkley Jones, T., D.L. Lunt, D.N. Schmidt, A. Ridgwell, A. Sluijs, P.J. Valdes, and M. Maslin, Climate model and proxy data constraints on ocean warming across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth-Science Reviews 125 123–145 (2013). | Eby, M., A.J. Weaver, K. Alexander, K. Zickfeld, A. Abe-Ouchi, A.A. Cimatoribus, E. Crespin, S.S. Drijfhout, N.R. Edwards, A.V. Eliseev, G. Feulner, T. Fichefet, C.E. Forest, H. Goosse, P.B. Holden, F. Joos, M. Kawamiya, D. Kicklighter, H. Kienert, K. Matsumoto, I.I. Mokhov, E. Monier, S.M. Olsen, J.O.P. Pedersen, M. Perrette, G. Philippon-Berthier, A. Ridgwell, A. Schlosser, T. Schneider von Deimling, G. Shaffer, R.S. Smith, R. Spahni, A.P. Sokolov, M. Steinacher, K. Tachiiri, K. Tokos, M. Yoshimori, N. Zeng, and F. Zhao, Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity, Clim. Past 9, 1111-1140 (2013). [link] | |
Foster, L.C., D.N. Schmidt, E. Thomas, S. Arndt, and A. Ridgwell, Surviving rapid climate change in the deep-sea during the Paleogene hyperthermals, PNAS 110, 9273–9276 (2013). | ||
Holden, P.B., N.R. Edwards, S.A. Muller, K.I.C. Oliver, R.M. De'ath, and A. Ridgwell, Controls on the spatial distribution of oceanic δ13CDIC, Biogeosciences 10, 1815-1833 (2013). [link] | ||
Hunter, S.J., D.S. Goldobin, A.M. Haywood, A. Ridgwell, and J. G. Rees, Sensitivity of the global submarine hydrate inventory to scenarios of future climate change, EPSL 367, 105–115 (2013). | ||
Kirtland Turner, S., and A. Ridgwell, Recovering the true size of an Eocene hyperthermal from the marine sedimentary record, Paleoceanography 28, 700-712 (2013). | ||
Lunt, D.J., H. Elderfield, R. Pancost, A. Ridgwell, G.L. Foster, A. Haywood, J. Kiehl, N. Sagoo, C. Shields, E.J. Stone, and P. Valdes, Warm climates of the past - a lesson for the future?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 371, 20130146 (2013). [DOI] | ||
Norris, R.D., S. Kirtland Turner, P.M. Hull, and A. Ridgwell, Marine Ecosystem Responses to Cenozoic Global Change, Science 341, 492-498 (2013). | ||
Wadham, J.L., R. De'Ath, F.M. Monteiro, M. Tranter, A. Ridgwell, R. Raiswell and S. Tulaczyk, The potential role of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in global biogeochemical cycles, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104, 1-13 (2013). [DOI] | ||
Zirkfeld, K., M. Eby, A.J. Weaver, K. Alexander, E. Crespin, N.R. Edwards, A.V. Eliseev, G. Feulner, T. Fichefet, C.E. Forest, P. Friedlingstein, H. Goosse, P.B. Holden, F. Joos, M. Kawamiya, D. Kicklighter, H. Kienert, K. Matsumoto, I.I. Mokhov, E. Monier, S.M. Olsen, J.O.P. Pedersen, M. Perrette, G. Philippon-Berthier, A. Ridgwell, A. Schlosser, T. Schneider Von Deimling, G. Shaffer, A. Sokolov, R. Spahni, M. Steinacher, K. Tachiiri, K.S. Tokos, M. Yoshimori, N. Zeng, and F. Zhao, Long-term Climate Change Commitment and Reversibility: An EMIC Intercomparison, Journal of Climate 26, 5782–580 (2013). |
Barker, S., and A. Ridgwell, Ocean Acidification, Nature Education Knowledge 3, 21 (2012). [link] | ||
Couce, E., A. Ridgwell, and E. Hendy, Environmental controls on the global distribution of shallow-water coral reefs, Journal of Biogeography 39, 1508–1523 (2012). | ||
Hönisch, B., A. Ridgwell, D.N. Schmidt, E. Thomas, S.J. Gibbs, A. Sluijs, R. Zeebe, L. Kump, R.C. Martindale, S.E. Greene, W. Kiessling, J. Ries, J.C. Zachos, D.L. Royer, S. Barker, T.M. Marchitto Jr., R. Moyer, C. Pelejero, P. Ziveri, G.L. Foster, B. Williams, The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification, Science 335, 1058-1063 (2012). | ||
Monteiro, F.M., R.D. Pancost, A. Ridgwell, and Y. Donnadieu, Nutrients as the dominant control on the extent of anoxia and euxinia across the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE2): Model-data comparison, Paleoceanography, DOI: 10.1029/2012PA002351 (2012).
(Highlighted in Nature Geoscience) |
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Pälike, H., M W. Lyle, H. Nishi, I. Raffi, A. Ridgwell, K. Gamage, A. Klaus, G. Acton, L. Anderson, J. Backman, J. Baldauf, C. Beltran, S.M. Bohaty, P. Bown, W. Busch, J.E.T. Channell, C.O.J. Chun, M. Delaney, P. Dewangan, T. Dunkley Jones, K.M. Edgar, H. Evans, P. Fitch, G.L. Foster, N. Gussone, H. Hasegawa, E.C. Hathorne, H. Hayashi, J.O. Herrle, A. Holbourn, S. Hovan, K. Hyeong, K. Iijima, T. Ito, S. Kamikuri, K. Kimoto, J. Kuroda, L. Leon-Rodriguez, A. Malinverno, T.C. Moore Jr, B.H. Murphy, D.P. Murphy, H. Nakamura, K. Ogane, C. Ohneiser, C. Richter, R. Robinson, E.J. Rohling, O. Romero, K. Sawada, H. Scher, L. Schneider, A. Sluijs, H. Takata, J. Tian, A. Tsujimoto, B.S. Wade, T. Westerhold, R. Wilkens, T. Williams, P.A. Wilson, Y. Yamamoto, S. Yamamoto, T. Yamazaki, and R.E. Zeebe, A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth, Nature 488, 609–614 (2012). | ||
Ridgwell, A., M. Maslin, and J.O. Kaplan, Flooding of the continental shelves as a contributor to deglacial CH4 rise, Journal of Quaternary Science DOI: 10.1002/jqs.2568 (2012). | ||
Wadham, J.M., S. Arndt, S. Tulaczyk, M. Stibal, M. Tranter, J. Telling, G.P. Lis, E. Lawson, A. Ridgwell, A. Dubnick, M.J. Sharp, A.M. Anesio, and C.E.H. Butler, Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica, Nature 488, 633–637 (2012). | ||
Williams, R.G., P. Goodwin, A. Ridgwell, and P.L. Woodworth, Steric sea level rise from cumulative carbon emissions, GRL 39, L19715 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052771 (2012). | ||
Wilson, J.D., S. Barker, and A. Ridgwell, Assessment of the spatial variability in particulate organic matter and mineral sinking fuxes in the ocean interior: implications for the ballast hypothesis, GBC 26, doi:10.1029/2012GB004398 (2012). |
Cui, Y., L. R. Kump, A. J. Ridgwell, A.J. Charles, C.K. Junium, A.F. Diefendorf, K.H. Freeman, N.M. Urban, and I.C. Harding, Slow release of fossil carbon during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1179 (2011). | ||
Haywood, A. M., A. Ridgwell, et al., Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 369, 933-956 (2011). | ||
Irvine, P. J., A. Ridgwell, and D. J. Lunt, Climatic Impacts of Surface Albedo Geoengineering, JGR 116, doi:10.1029/2011JD016281 (2011). | ||
Lunt, D. L., A. J. Ridgwell, et al., A model for orbital pacing of methane hydrate destabilization during the Palaeogene, Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo1266 (2011). | ||
Ridgwell, A., Evolution of the ocean’s “biological pump”, PNAS 108, 16485–16486 (2011). | ||
Ridgwell, A., T. J. Rodengen, and K. E. Kohfeld, Geographical variations in the effectiveness and side effects of deep ocean carbon sequestration, GRL 38, L17610, doi:10.1029/2011GL048423 (2011). |
Dunkley Jones, T., A. Ridgwell, D. J. Lunt, M. A. Maslin, D. N. Schmidt, and P. J. Valdes, A Palaeogene perspective on climate sensitivity and methane hydrate instability, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2395-2415, doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0053, 2010. | ||
Goodwin, P., and A. Ridgwell, Ocean-atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on multimillennial timescales, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 24, GB2014, doi:10.1029/2008GB003449, 2010. | ||
Irvine, P. J., A. Ridgwell, and D. J. Lunt, Assessing the Regional Disparities in Geoengineering Impacts, GRL 37, L18702, doi:10.1029/2010GL044447 (2010). | ||
Lunt, D. J., P. J. Valdes, T. Dunkley-Jones, A. Ridgwell, et al., CO2 driven ocean circulation changes as an amplifier of PETM hydrate destabilization, Geology 38, 875-878 (2010). | ||
Maslin, M., M. Owen, R. Betts, S. Day, T. Dunkley Jones, and A. Ridgwell, Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 2369-2393, doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0065, 2010. | ||
Matsumoto, K., K. Tokos, and A. Ridgwell, Characterizing postindustrial changes in the natural ocean carbon cycle in an Earth system model, Tellus 62B, 296–313 (2010). | ||
Ridgwell, A., and D. N. Schmidt, Past constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive CO2 release, Nature Goescience, doi:10.1038/ngeo755, 2010. | ||
Turley, C., M. Eby, A. J. Ridgwell, D. N. Schmidt, H. S. Findlay, et al., The Societal Challenge of Ocean Acidification, Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 787-792 (2010). |
Kump, L. R., T. J. Bralower, and A. Ridgwell, Ocean Acidification in Deep Time, Oceanography 22, 94-107, 2009. | ||
Ridgwell, A. , The Global Dust Cycle, in Surface Ocean--Lower Atmospheres Processes, Eds. C. Le Quéré and E. S. Saltzman, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 187, 350 pp. | ||
Kohfeld, K. E., and A. Ridgwell, Glacial-interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2, in Surface Ocean--Lower Atmospheres Processes, Eds. C. Le Quéré and E. S. Saltzman, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 187, 350 pp. | ||
Singarayer, J. S., A. Ridgwell, and P. Irvine, Assessing the benefits of crop albedo bio-geoengineering, Environ. Res. Lett. 4, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045110 (2009). [link] | ||
Irvine, P. J., D. J. Lunt, E. J. Stone, and A. Ridgwell, Fate of the Greenland Ice Sheet in a geoengineered, high CO2 world, Environ. Res. Lett. 4, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045109 (2009). [link] | ||
Ridgwell, A., and P. J. Valdes, Climate and climate change, Current Biology 19, R563-R566 (2009). [link] | ||
Irvine, P., and A. Ridgwell, 'Geoengineering' -- taking control of our planet's climate, Science Progress 92, 139-162 (2009). [PDF file (1743 kB)] | ||
Archer, D., M. Eby, V. Brovkin, A. Ridgwell, et al., Atmospheric lifetime of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide, Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, 117-134 (2009). | ||
Ridgwell, A., Schmidt, D. N., Turley, C., Brownlee, C., Maldonado, M. T., Tortell, P., and Young, J. R., From laboratory manipulations to Earth system models: scaling calcification impacts of ocean acidification, Biogeosciences 6, 2611-2623 (2009). [link] | ||
Ridgwell, A., J. S. Singarayer, A. M. Hetherington, and P. Valdes, Tackling regional climate change by leaf albedo bio-geoengineering, Current Biology 19, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.025 (2009).
(also see: Nature News) |
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Goodwin, P., R. G. Williams, A. Ridgwell, and M. J. Follows, Climate sensitivity to the carbon cycle modulated by past and future changes in ocean chemistry, Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo416 (2009). | ||
Cao, L., M. Eby, A. Ridgwell, et al., The role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2, Biogeosciences 6, 375-390 (2009). [link] |
Meyer, K. M., L. R. Kump, and A. Ridgwell, Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction, Geology 36, 747-750 (2008). | ||
Chikamoto, M. O., K. Matsumoto, and A. Ridgwell, Response of deep-sea CaCO3 sedimentation to Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shutdown, JGR 113, G03017, doi:10.1029/2007JG000669 (2008). | ||
Singaraye, J. S., D. A. Richards A. Ridgwell, P. J. Valdes, W. E. N. Austin, and J. W. Beck, An oceanic origin for the increase of atmospheric radiocarbon during the Younger Dryas, GRL 35, L14707, doi:10.1029/2008GL034074 (2008). | ||
Lunt, D. J., A. Ridgwell, P. J. Valdes, and A. Seale, Sunshade World.: a fully coupled GCM evaluation of the climatic impacts of geoengineering, GRL 35, L12710, doi:10.1029/2008GL033674 (2008). [PDF file (1086 kB)] | ||
Panchuk, K., A. Ridgwell, and L. R. Kump, Sedimentary response to Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum carbon release: A model-data comparison, Geology 36, 315-318 (2008).
(Highlighted in Nature) |
Ridgwell, A., Interpreting transient carbonate compensation depth changes by marine sediment core modeling, Paleoceanography 22, PA4102, doi:10.1029/2006PA001372 (2007). [PDF file (1023 kB)] | ||
'Caldeira, K., ..., A. Ridgwell, et al., Comment on 'Modern-age buildup of CO2 and its effects on seawater acidity and salinity' by Hugo A. Loaiciga, GRL 34, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027288 (2007). [PDF file (79 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., and K. E. Kohfeld, Dust in the Earth system: The biogeochemical linking of land, air, and sea, in Advances in Earth Science, Eds. Sammonds, P. R., and J. M. T. Thompson, Imperial College Press (2007). [PDF file (779 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., Application of sediment core modelling to interpreting the glacial-interglacial record of Southern Ocean silica cycling, Clim. Past 3, 387-396 (2007). [PDF file (428 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., I. Zondervan, J. Hargreaves, J. Bijma, and T. Lenton, Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO2 uptake due to 'CO2-calcification feedback', Biogeosciences 4, 481-492 (2007).
[PDF file (997 kB)]
(Highlighted in Science) | ||
Ridgwell, A., and J. Hargreaves, Regulation of atmospheric CO2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth System Model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21, doi:10.1029/2006GB002764 (2007). [PDF file (1,935 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., J. Hargreaves, N. Edwards, J. Annan, T. Lenton, R. Marsh, A. Yool, and A. Watson, Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth System Model of global biogeochemical cycling, Biogeosciences 4, 87-104 (2007). [PDF file (824 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., and U. Edwards, Geological Carbon Sinks, in Greenhouse Gas Sinks, Eds. Reay, D., N. Hewitt, J. Grace, and, K. Smith, 2007. [PDF file (978 kB)] |
Lenton, T. M., M. S. Williamson, N. R. Edwards, R. J. Marsh, A. R. Price, A. J. Ridgwell, J. G. Shepherd, S. J. Cox, and the GENIE team, Millennial timescale carbon cycle and climate change in an efficient Earth system model, Climate Dynamics 26, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0109-9 (2006). |
Cameron, D. R., T. M. Lenton, A. J. Ridgwell, J. G. Shepherd, R. J. Marsh, and the GENIE team, A factorial analysis of the marine carbon cycle controls on atmospheric CO2, GBC 19, doi:10.1029/2005GB002489 (2005). [PDF file (1024 kB)] | ||
Maslin, M. A., and A. J. Ridgwell, Mid-Pleistocene Revolution and the 'eccentricity myth', in Early-Middle Pleistocene transitions: the land-ocean evidence, Eds. Head, M. J., and P. L. Gibbard, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2005. [PDF file (767 kB)] | ||
Jickells, T. D., Z. S. An, K. K. Andersen, A. R. Baker, G. Bergametti, N. Brooks, Cao J. J., P. W. Boyd, R. A. Duce, K. A. Hunter, H. Kawahata, N. Kubilay, J. laRoche, P. S. Liss, N. Mahowald, J. M. Prospero, A. J. Ridgwell, I. Tegen, and R. Torres, Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry and Climate, Science, 308, p. 67 (2005). | ||
Ridgwell, A., and R. E. Zeebe, The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system, EPSL 234, 299-315 (2005). [PDF file (1132 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A., A Mid Mesozoic Revolution in the regulation of ocean chemistry, Marine Geology 217, 339-357 (2005). [PDF file (452 kB)] and link to the presented data |
Ridgwell, A. J., and M. J. Kennedy, Secular changes in the importance of neritic carbonate deposition as a control on the magnitude and stability of Neoproterozoic ice ages, in: The Extreme Proterozoic: Geology, Geochemistry, and Climate, Eds. Jenkins, G., et al., Geophysical Monograph Series Volume 146, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC (2004). [PDF file (732 kB)] |
Ridgwell, A. J., M. J. Kennedy, and K. Caldeira, Carbonate deposition, climate stability, and Neoproterozoic ice ages, Science, 302, 859-862 (2003).
[link to Science].
(With a Comment piece in Science) |
||
Ridgwell, A. J., A. J. Watson, M. A. Maslin, J. O. Kaplan, Implications of coral reef buildup for the controls on atmospheric CO2 since the Last Glacial Maximum, Paleoceanography, 18, doi:10.1029/2003PA000893 (2003). [PDF file (418 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., Implications of the glacial CO2 iron hypothesis for Quaternary climate change, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4, 1076, doi:10.1029/2003GC000563 (2003). [PDF file (346 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., An end to the rain ratio reign? Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4, 1051, doi:10.1029/2003GC000512 (2003). [PDF file (249 kB)] |
Ridgwell, A. J., Dust in the Earth system: The biogeochemical linking of land, air, and sea, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 360, 2905-2924, 2002. [PDF file (1664 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., and A. J. Watson, Feedback between aeolian dust, climate and atmospheric CO2 in glacial time, Paleoceanography 17, 10.1029/2001PA000729, 2002. [PDF file (1303 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., A. J. Watson, and D. A. Archer, Modelling the response of the oceanic Si inventory to perturbation, and consequences for atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, 10.1029/2002GB001877, 2002. [PDF file (793 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., Maslin, M. A. & Watson, A. J., Reduced
effectiveness of terrestrial carbon sequestration due to an antagonistic
response of ocean productivity, Geophysical Research Letters 29,
10.1029/2001GL014304, 2002. [PDF file (537 kB)]
(Highlighted in Science) |
Ridgwell, A. J., Glacial-interglacial perturbations in the global carbon cycle, PhD thesis, 134 pp., Univ. of East Anglia at Norwich, UK, March 2001. [PDF - 7.4 MB] | ||
Also avaliable: thesis broken down into seperate chapters [PDF - various sizes], and including the Appendix V data. |
Ridgwell, A. J., Climatic effect of Southern Ocean Fe fertilization: Is the jury still out?, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 1, 2000. [PDF file (248kB)] | ||
Watson, A. J., D. C. E. Bakker, A. J. Ridgwell, P. W. Boyd, and C. S. Law, Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2, Nature 407 730-733, 2000. [PDF file (1.4 MB)] |
Ridgwell, A. J., A. J. Watson, and M E. Raymo, Is the spectral signature of the 100 kyr glacial cycle consistent with a Milankovitch origin?, Paleoceanography 14, 437-440, 1999. [PDF file (95 kB)] | ||
Ridgwell, A. J., S. J. Marshall, and K. Gregson, Consumption of atmospheric methane by soils: A process-based model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13, 59-70, 1999. [PDF file (772 kB)] |
Salje, E. K. H., A. Ridgwell, B. Gutter, B. Wruck, M. T.
Dove, and G. Dolino, On the displacive character of the phase transition in
quartz: A hard-mode spectroscopy study, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
4, 571-577, 1992. |
Andy Ridgwell, Global warming, in: The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Natural World, Eds. Benton, M. J., Thames & Hudson, London, p. 257-261 (2008). [PDF file (201 kB)] | ||
Andy Ridgwell, What will Earth's future climate look like?, in: The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Natural World, Eds. Benton, M. J., Thames & Hudson, London, p. 262-265 (2008). [PDF file (293 kB)] | ||
Andy Ridgwell, Anti-freeze for snowball Earth, Planet Earth winter, 2003. [PDF file (420 kB)] | ||
Andy Ridgwell, Planète poussiéreuse, planète heureuse!, Met Mar, no. 200, pages 24-25, 2003. | ||
Andy Ridgwell, A dirty planet is a happy planet, The Marine Observer 73, no. 359, pages 25-27, 2003. | ||
Andy Ridgwell, The role of feedbacks in the Earth System: Past changes in dust and iron fertilization of the ocean, IGBP 'Global Change' Newsletter no. 51, 2-5, 2002. [PDF file (179 kB)] | ||
Andy Ridgwell, The 'inconvenient ocean' - Undesirable consequences of terrestrial carbon sequestration, Ocean Challenge 12, 28-32, 2002. [PDF file (970 kB)] | ||
Andy Ridgwell, A dirty planet is a happy planet, Planet Earth summer, 2002. [PDF file (328 kB)] |